foxrabiesblueprint.org
Site Map
ELIMINATE FOX RABIES
Introduction
1.1
What is the Blueprint for Red Fox Rabies Prevention and Control?
1.2
Who is it for?
1.3
Where does the information compiled here come from?
1.4
What is wildlife rabies?
1.5
Why can we not use the same rabies control strategy for all wildlife rabies reservoirs?
1.6
Are foxes a single species?
1.7
What is a red fox (Vulpes vulpes)?
1.8
Did rabies occur in history and how did it emerge?
1.9
Why is it important to control fox rabies?
1.10
What is the fox rabies situation in your country?
1.11
What management techniques are available for controlling fox rabies?
1.12
Is it possible to control and eliminate fox rabies?
1.13
What is involved in a fox rabies control plan?
1.14
Can the strategy to control fox rabies be used for other wildlife rabies reservoirs?
1.15
Who can I approach for advice?
1.16
Can we prevent human rabies through human rabies prophylaxis instead?
Roles and Responsibilities
2.1
Which agencies should be involved in a fox rabies control (ORV) programme?
2.2
What are the critical responsibilities in an ORV programme and which agencies should play a role?
Infrastructure, legislative framework, costs & funding
3.1.
Infrastructure
3.1.1
What personnel might be available for conducting ORV campaigns?
3.1.2
What infrastructure is needed for storage of oral rabies vaccines?
3.1.3
What personnel and infrastructure are needed for fox rabies surveillance?
3.1.4
What medical facilities are available for providing human post-exposure prophylaxis?
3.1.5
How well-trained are personnel?
3.1.6
Which laboratories are available for rabies diagnosis?
3.1.7
What are the minimum requirements for laboratories performing basic rabies diagnosis?
3.1.8
What is the minimum infrastructure for providing human pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
3.1.9
Which personnel should administer pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
3.2.
Legislation
3.2.1
What is the role of legislation in the fight against rabies?
3.2.2
What is the difference between reporting and notification?
3.2.3
Why does rabies need to be a notifiable disease?
3.2.4
Should rabies in humans be a notifiable disease in my country?
3.2.5
Should rabies in animals be a notifiable disease in my country?
3.2.6
How do I notify a human rabies case?
3.2.7
Are/should animal-bite injuries be notifiable?
3.2.8
How do I make rabies a notifiable disease in my country?
3.2.9
How is the legislation to support rabies control elaborated and implemented?
3.2.10
What laws and by-laws may be useful in ensuring a successful fox rabies control programme?
3.2.11
What laws and recommendations are available for pet importation?
3.2.12
What laws and recommendations are available for dog identification and registry?
3.2.13
Is fox vaccination compulsory?
3.2.14
What emergency orders might apply in the case of unexpected outbreaks?
3.3.
Value, Costs and Funding
3.3.1
What is the value of fox rabies control?
3.3.2
How much will an ORV programme cost?
3.3.3.
What are the costs associated with post-exposure treatment?
3.3.4
To what extent is rabies prevention and control a priority and is secure funding available?
3.3.5
What sources of funding might be available for ORV in foxes?
3.3.6
What resources are needed to set up an ORV programme?
3.3.7
How is the budget for ORV to be determined?
Communications plan
4.1
Why is it important to develop an effective communications plan as part of an ORV programme?
4.2
What is health communication?
4.3
How does someone start developing a communications plan?
4.4
How do I develop a communications plan suitable for my area, region, or country?
Operational activities
5.1
What do we need to know before we start planning an ORV programme?
5.1.1
The epidemiology of fox rabies
5.1.1.1
What are the characteristics of a fox rabies epizootic?
5.1.1.2
How is fox rabies transmitted?
5.1.1.3
Can animals other than foxes transmit rabies?
5.1.1.4
What methods and strategies are available for fox vaccination?
5.1.1.5
Which animal species should be targeted?
5.1.2
The target species
5.1.2.1
What should I know about the behavioural ecology of the red fox?
5.1.2.2
Why is it important to know the red fox density?
5.1.2.3
What techniques are available for estimating the number of foxes?
5.1.2.4
What do I need to know about the non-target species?
5.1.3
Who do we need to train / consider?
5.1.3.1
Rabies surveillance
5.1.3.2
Vaccine bait component
5.1.3.3
Fox component
5.1.3.4
Human component
5.1.3.5
Others
5.2
Rabies surveillance
5.2.1
What is rabies surveillance and how is it carried out?
5.2.2
Why is epidemiological surveillance important, and how can it be enhanced?
5.2.3
How do I distinguish between rabies-free and rabies-infected regions?
5.2.4
Supplies needed for a clinic administering human pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis
5.3
What are we going to do – fox component?
5.3.1
The vaccine bait component
5.3.1.1
What vaccines are available (live attenuated, recombinant)?
5.3.1.2
What should be the requirements for oral rabies vaccines?
5.3.1.3
What is a vaccine titre?
5.3.1.4
What is the difference between a releasing and a minimum effective vaccine titre?
5.3.1.5
What baits are available?
5.3.1.6
What are the requirements for bait casings?
5.3.1.7
How do vaccine baits need to be stored?
5.3.1.8
How do vaccine baits need to be transported?
5.3.2
How do we plan/prepare an ORV campaign on the ground?
5.3.2.1
How do I start an ORV programme for fox rabies control?
5.3.2.2
What is the aim of an ORV programme?
5.3.2.3
What are the main criteria for the strategy?
5.3.2.4
How do I choose an appropriate strategy?
5.3.3
What is an appropriate vaccination area?
5.3.3.1
What general considerations should be taken into account when planning the size/locality of a vaccination area
5.3.3.2
What is the optimal size of a vaccination area?
5.3.3.3
What is the minimum size for a vaccination area?
5.3.4
What do I need to know for optimal bait distribution?
5.3.4.1
Where do I need to distribute vaccine baits?
5.3.4.2
What is the best time of year to distribute baits in the field?
5.3.4.3
How many baits do I need to distribute?
5.3.4.4
Is there a need to adjust the bait density?
5.3.4.5
How often should ORV campaigns be conducted?
5.3.5
How can vaccine baits be distributed in the field?
5.3.5.1
What methods of bait distribution are available?
5.3.5.2
Where should hand distribution be applied?
5.3.5.3
Where should aerial distribution be applied?
5.3.5.4
What are the pros and cons of aerial versus manual bait distribution?
5.3.6
Hand distribution of baits
5.3.6.1
Who is responsible for hand distribution?
5.3.6.2
What kind of equipment do I need?
5.3.6.3
How are the areas determined?
5.3.6.4
How many workers/volunteers/hunters are needed?
5.3.7
Aerial distribution of baits
5.3.7.1
What type of aircraft are appropriate for ORV campaigns?
5.3.7.2
What kind of equipment needs to be installed?
5.3.7.3
Who is in charge of organising aerial distribution?
5.3.7.4
What are the responsibilities of the flight service?
5.3.7.5
What needs to be considered when planning flight routes?
5.3.7.6
What flying altitude and speed should be used?
5.3.7.7
What flight line distance should be used?
5.3.8
Quality control
5.3.8.1
Why is quality control important for ORVs?
5.3.8.2
How can the baiting/distribution be assessed?
5.3.8.3
How do I control the maintenance of cold chain for baits?
5.3.8.4
How can the quality of baits/vaccine be evaluated?
5.3.9
Additional measures
5.3.9.1
Should dogs and cats be vaccinated?
5.3.9.2
Should livestock and horses be vaccinated?
5.3.9.3
Is it important to include fox population management in rabies control programmes?
5.3.9.4
Why is it important to motivate wildlife biologists, hunters and trappers?
5.3.10
Information (see also section 4)
5.3.10.1
Why is it important to have kick-off meetings when implementing ORV campaigns?
5.3.10.2
Who needs to know what?
5.3.10.3
How do we make sure that people know about ORV campaigns?
5.3.10.4
What information should be provided about ORV campaigns?
5.3.10.5
Why is exchange of information and feedback important?
5.4
What are we going to do – human component?
5.4.1
What is the difference between pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis?
5.4.2
Who should receive pre-exposure prophylaxis?
5.4.3
What do we need to know about products for human rabies prophylaxis?
5.4.4
How do we deal with or prevent exposures?
5.4.5
What do I need to consider as a physician regarding exposure interventions?
5.4.6
What do we need to know about regimens, doses and schedules?
5.4.7
Are there any conditions that might affect post-exposure prophylaxis?
5.4.8
What do people, physicians and veterinarians need to know in case someone gets in contact with vaccine bait
5.4.9
What happens if my dog or cat comes into contact with vaccine bait?
5.5
Evaluation of ORV campaigns
5.5.1
Why is it important to evaluate ORV campaigns and/or undertake setback analysis?
5.5.2
What reasons could there be for setbacks?
5.5.3
What are components of a proper analysis of ORV campaigns?
5.5.4
What is the difference between surveillance and monitoring of ORV?
5.5.5
What is vaccination coverage in foxes?
5.5.6
How can the bait-uptake in red foxes be determined?
5.5.7
What is immune response and how can it be determined in foxes?
5.5.8
How can the seroconversion in foxes be determined?
5.5.9
What is herd immunity in foxes and how can it be determined?
5.5.10
Is there an easy way to determine the age of foxes?
5.5.11
What sample size do I need for rabies surveillance?
5.5.12
What sample size do I need for monitoring ORV campaigns?
5.5.13
What kind of samples need to be taken from the field (rabies surveillance, for monitoring of ORV campaigns)?
5.5.14
What quality criteria should samples fulfil to guarantee reliable results?
5.5.15
What other data is required for evaluating ORV campaigns?
5.5.16
Who is responsible for what?
5.5.17
How do I organise the data for evaluation?
5.5.18
What other tools can be used for epidemiological analysis?
5.5.19
What is the key indicator of success in an ORV programme?
5.5.20
How do I assess the efficiency of my ORV programme and strategy?
5.6
How do we ensure sustainability of the rabies control programme?
5.6.1
What is sustainability in terms of a rabies control programme?
5.6.2
How can adequate funding be secured?
5.6.3
How can we protect rabies-free areas or prevent re-infection of rabies?
5.6.4
What additional measures can be implemented to keep an area free of rabies?
5.6.5
Why is there a need for response strategies to new cases/outbreaks?
5.6.6
What do we need to do if rabies is detected in a rabies-free area?
5.6.7
What do we need to do if dog-mediated rabies is re-introduced into an area after a period of absence?
5.6.8
What do we need to do if fox-mediated rabies is re-introduced into an area after a period of absence?
Links
Documents
A single annual ORV campaigns
Additional resources that can assist you in your communication planning efforts
An example tender for the purchase of ORV
Assessing baiting by GPS
Baiting density
Baiting young foxes
Basic Rabies Diagnostic Techniques
Budgeting for ORV programmes
Calculating the direct costs of ORV programmes
Characteristics of a fox rabies epizootic
Collection and submission of diagnostic samples
Communication channels
Communications relating to ORV against raccoon rabies
Communications strategy used for fox rabies in Estonia
Communications strategy used for fox rabies in Lithuania
Controls on pet movements
Cost-Benefit analyses for ORV programmes
Definitions of surveillance
Determining Bait uptake in foxes
Determining the age of foxes
Development of harmonised schemes for monitoring and reporting of rabies in animals in the European Union
Diagnosis of clinical signs of rabies
Effective Response Strategies
Emergence vaccination campaigns
Estimating Fox numbers
EU homepage
EU legislation on movement of pets
EU recommended sample sizes for rabies surveillance
European Commission: The oral vaccination of foxes against rabies
Evaluation of the performance of veterinary services, gap analysis and the OIE international standards
Examples of emergency vaccination measures: Germany and Italy
Examples of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice studies on rabies
Flight line distances of 500m
Flight line distances of less than 500m
Fluorescent Antibody Test protocols
For further details on Red Fox morphology and Biology
Fox rabies elimination is a feasible objective
Fox rabies inferred from high cattle rabies cases
Further information on baiting strategies
General guide on how to construct a veterinary legislation
Google Earth:
Guidance documentation for regulatory authorities
Guidelines for if human contact with ORV (live replicating virus) has occured
Guidelines for if human contact with ORV (live, modified virus) has occured
Guidelines on human prophylaxis
Implementation checklist
Indicator animals for monitoring rabies
Information on EU enlargements funds
Information on EU reimbursements for
ORV programmes
Information on Guillain-Barré syndrome
Information on human rabies prophylaxis
Information on the Global Distribution of Rabies
International agencies and bodies in charge of
fox rabies
International guidelines on biosafety and biosecurity
International recommendations for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity
Management of bite wounds and rabies prophylaxis
Message testing materials and an example intercept interview used to pretest rabies prevention materials
Minimum size for a vaccination area
Model veterinary certificate for dogs and cats from rabies infected countries
Notification obligations for OIE member countries
Notification obligations for OIE member countries
OIE home page
OIE/WHO recommended laboratory techniques to collect surveillance data
ORV for foxes works effectively for racoon dogs
Other websites providing general information
on rabies
PEP for Direct and Indirect exposures
Prevention of human rabies through human rabies prophylaxis
Rabies blueprint - human vaccination supplies
Rabies Collaborating Centres and
Reference Laboratories
Re-evalutaing the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia
Red Fox Behavioural Ecology
Risk Analysis and OIE
Sanitary recommendations on dog importation
Schematic view of a BSL 2 laboratory
Shorter interval ORV campaigns
Situation based surveillance
Some NGOs involved in rabies control
Step-by-step planning guide for communicating public health information
Studies evaluating the impact of rabies on human and animal sectors
Supplies needed for laboratory-based rabies diagnosis using the fluorescence antibody test
Support for Laboratories
The minimium effective vaccine titre
The work of National Laboratories for Rabies (NRL)
Vaccination belts in fox rabies control
Vaccines recommended for human vaccination
WHO Expert Consultation on Rabies, 2004 First Report,
WHO guidelines for dog rabies control (VPH/83.43)
WHO guidelines for veterinary public health programmes
WHO homepage
WHO recommended sample sizes for rabies surveillance
World Rabies Day website
Contributors
All the contributors
GARC
Welcome to Fox Rabies Blueprint
PARTNER LINKS
Browsing
Home page
|
Contact
|
Site Map
English
FOX RABIES
CANINE RABIES
SURVEILLANCE
Search
Search:
Sections
ELIMINATE FOX RABIES
Introduction
Roles and Responsibilities
Infrastructure, legislative framework, costs & funding
Communications plan
Operational activities
Contributors
All the contributors
Home
|
Contact
|
Site Map
|
Log in
Version 1 - Last updated November 2012